{"id":5212,"date":"2022-02-10T22:29:00","date_gmt":"2022-02-10T22:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/?p=5212"},"modified":"2022-02-12T10:18:09","modified_gmt":"2022-02-12T10:18:09","slug":"a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/","title":{"rendered":"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

C<\/mark>hina\u2019s dominance in Southeast Asia is obvious anywhere you look. Long-standing ties and investment in Cambodia earned Beijing the opportunity to act as Prime Minister Hun Sen\u2019s\u00a0proxy vote in ASEAN<\/a>\u00a0during a pivotal year. China\u2019s upstream dams and subsequent hydroelectric power demand compromised livelihoods for Mekong River countries and created leverage over downstream economies. China\u2019s relationships with\u00a0Thailand and Myanmar<\/a>\u00a0complicated efforts to resolve a burgeoning civil war and humanitarian crisis\u00a0\u2014\u00a0one that now involves regional powers like Japan, India, and\u00a0Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The advantages for China \u2013 both in terms of infrastructure investments in Southeast Asia and diplomatic ties free from the strings of human rights and democratization \u2013 were made largely in the absence of the United States from the region, evidenced by the Obama Administration\u2019s failed \u201cpivot\u201d to Asia<\/a> and Trump\u2019s failed \u201cAmerica First\u201d foreign policy. The consequences of American foreign policy vacillation and inconsistency, in part, is an emboldened China. The missteps are almost too many to count. For example, the failure to consistently engage with Thailand in the aftermath of the May 2014 coup d\u2019\u00e9tat<\/em> may have pushed the military regime closer into the arms of China. Equally troubling was President Biden\u2019s diplomatic snub at Thailand<\/a> at the December \u201cSummit for Democracy<\/a>.\u201d Many uninvited ASEAN countries, although clearly lacking in democratization, could have benefitted from additional linkages to best practices elsewhere around the globe. These mistakes must be remedied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
As featured in Divided We Fall<\/a><\/strong>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Integrating US Allies in Southeast Asia<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In order to support democracy and human rights in Southeast Asia, the United States must confront its past, acknowledge its many mistakes, and present a pragmatic yet united front against a more aggressive, authoritarian China. The Great Power rivalry has already begun, despite American missteps. For years, Beijing and Washington have engaged in a long-standing diplomatic row over human rights, with China accusing consecutive American governments of racial discrimination<\/a> and mass incarceration, while the United States repeatedly alleges human rights violations against Uyghur Muslims<\/a> in the Xinjiang region of Western China. The latest result is a diplomatic boycott of the 2022 Winter Olympics, joined by Australia and the UK<\/a>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The United States needs to remain engaged with states diametrically opposed to American, if not universal, values while impressing upon the importance of those values and the benefits of a sustained American presence in the region. The Biden Summit could have been a prime example of both American engagement with Southeast Asia leaders and an example of how to spread the benefits of democratic values. The reality and the failure of the December summit were that Biden did not have to exclude anyone. While the 2021 version might have been only a start, it could have been held region-by-region, with Quad partners such as Japan, India, or Australia playing a key role in shepherding traditional partners back toward partnerships with the West. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, let us not discount Japan\u2019s favorable relationship with Cambodia<\/a> after the Paris Conference in 1991, its contribution to national reconstruction, as well its current leading role in national development. As of 2019, the accumulated Japanese assistance to Cambodia totaled almost $3 billion. Japan\u2019s efforts in Cambodia have ostensibly offset China\u2019s influence through healthcare, education, infrastructure, and agricultural investments. Similar leading roles could have been constructed for key Indo-Pacific partners \u2014 India for Sri Lanka and the Maldives, for example. A regional and\/or partner-centered approach to American diplomacy would have done well to quell much of the criticism that Elina Noor mentions above.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Commitment to US Values <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

American diplomacy must also be matched with action. While I agree with Elina\u2019s position that treating Southeast Asia as a battlefield is fraught with error, America and its allies must match Chinese aggression with action, if necessary. American allies cannot send a competing message that democracies will fail to deliver and are indeed in a state of decline. American partners in the Indo-Pacific have to send a clear signal that democracy is something worth fighting for \u2013not necessarily physically \u2013 but in the case of Taiwan<\/a> and elsewhere, that defending democracy also means defending the hard-won post-war rules-based international order. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The United States must also learn to play the long game. China did not move into Southeast Asia quickly. It did so over time and has traversed difficult relationships, most notably with Vietnam<\/a>. If Biden, or any future administration, has designs on democracy and a renewed respect for human rights, it must recognize some of the shifts in the region that might spell opportunity down the road. Thailand\u2019s younger generation has proved different from previous generations, chopping slowly away at the social and political taboos<\/a> that have previously restrained democracy and monarchical reform. While civil society and press freedom in Thailand have been curtailed, it does not mean that they are not vibrant or critical to democratic resurgence. The same can be said for Cambodia, where an entire political opposition lies in hiding or in prison. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

ASEAN Support<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Democracy and human rights in Southeast Asia must also be seen as a slow and gradual process \u2014 a battle measured in small, almost negligible victories or defeats. Championing both must mean a multi-front war, fought in the halls of the United Nations through the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), through its many Treaty Bodies, as well as through ad-hoc coalitions designed to disrupt China\u2019s growing UN influence<\/a>. It must mean supporting institutions like ASEAN despite its aversion to interference and supporting trade regimes that, over time, could undermine China\u2019s economic dominance. America cannot overcome Chinese dominance in Southeast Asia by itself. It must become more consistent and much more realistic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article is part of Divided We Fall\u2019s \u201cCivility Without Borders\u201d series, covering a range of topics fundamental to U.S. foreign policy<\/em> and a response to Elina Noor<\/a><\/strong> of the Asia Society Policy Institute. <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

China\u2019s dominance in Southeast Asia is obvious anywhere you look. Long-standing ties and investment in Cambodia earned Beijing the opportunity to act as Prime Minister Hun Sen\u2019s\u00a0proxy vote in ASEAN\u00a0during a pivotal year. China\u2019s upstream dams and subsequent hydroelectric power demand compromised livelihoods for Mekong River countries and created leverage over downstream economies. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5216,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[98,165],"tags":[42,16,29,271,21,55],"class_list":["post-5212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-southeast-asia","category-united-states","tag-asean","tag-cambodia","tag-democracy","tag-foreign-policy","tag-thailand","tag-united-states"],"yoast_head":"\nA Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia – Mark S. Cogan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia – Mark S. Cogan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"China\u2019s dominance in Southeast Asia is obvious anywhere you look. Long-standing ties and investment in Cambodia earned Beijing the opportunity to act as Prime Minister Hun Sen\u2019s\u00a0proxy vote in ASEAN\u00a0during a pivotal year. China\u2019s upstream dams and subsequent hydroelectric power demand compromised livelihoods for Mekong River countries and created leverage over downstream economies.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mark S. Cogan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-02-10T22:29:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-02-12T10:18:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1-1024x688.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"688\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mark Cogan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@markscogan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@markscogan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Mark Cogan\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Mark Cogan\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766\"},\"headline\":\"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-10T22:29:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-12T10:18:09+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1014,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1\",\"keywords\":[\"ASEAN\",\"Cambodia\",\"democracy\",\"foreign policy\",\"Thailand\",\"United States\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Southeast Asia\",\"United States\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/\",\"name\":\"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia – Mark S. Cogan\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-02-10T22:29:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-02-12T10:18:09+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1\",\"width\":1480,\"height\":994},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/index.php\\\/2022\\\/02\\\/10\\\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Mark S. Cogan, Associate Professor\",\"description\":\"Associate Professor, Peace and Conflict Studies\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766\",\"name\":\"Mark Cogan\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i1.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i1.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i1.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1\",\"width\":2120,\"height\":2121,\"caption\":\"Mark Cogan\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i1.wp.com\\\/markscogan.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/09\\\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1\"},\"description\":\"Mark S. Cogan is an Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Kansai Gaidai University in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/markscogan.com\",\"instagram.com\\\/polisci03\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/markscogan\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/markscogan\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia – Mark S. Cogan","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia – Mark S. Cogan","og_description":"China\u2019s dominance in Southeast Asia is obvious anywhere you look. Long-standing ties and investment in Cambodia earned Beijing the opportunity to act as Prime Minister Hun Sen\u2019s\u00a0proxy vote in ASEAN\u00a0during a pivotal year. China\u2019s upstream dams and subsequent hydroelectric power demand compromised livelihoods for Mekong River countries and created leverage over downstream economies.","og_url":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/","og_site_name":"Mark S. Cogan","article_published_time":"2022-02-10T22:29:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-02-12T10:18:09+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":688,"url":"http:\/\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1-1024x688.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"Mark Cogan","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@markscogan","twitter_site":"@markscogan","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Mark Cogan","Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/"},"author":{"name":"Mark Cogan","@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766"},"headline":"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia","datePublished":"2022-02-10T22:29:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-12T10:18:09+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/"},"wordCount":1014,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1","keywords":["ASEAN","Cambodia","democracy","foreign policy","Thailand","United States"],"articleSection":["Southeast Asia","United States"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/","url":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/","name":"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia – Mark S. Cogan","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1","datePublished":"2022-02-10T22:29:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-12T10:18:09+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1","width":1480,"height":994},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2022\/02\/10\/a-pragmatic-and-united-approach-in-southeast-asia\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"A Pragmatic and United Approach in Southeast Asia"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/","name":"Mark S. Cogan, Associate Professor","description":"Associate Professor, Peace and Conflict Studies","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/#\/schema\/person\/68dc452e761dd9878f4a2ea3276bf766","name":"Mark Cogan","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1","url":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1","width":2120,"height":2121,"caption":"Mark Cogan"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/MarkCogan-square-2.jpg?fit=2120%2C2121&ssl=1"},"description":"Mark S. Cogan is an Associate Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Kansai Gaidai University in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.","sameAs":["http:\/\/markscogan.com","instagram.com\/polisci03","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/markscogan\/","https:\/\/x.com\/markscogan"]}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/markscogan.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/dividedjokowo-1.png?fit=1480%2C994&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5212"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5220,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5212\/revisions\/5220"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5216"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}