{"id":6742,"date":"2026-07-07T20:39:12","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T20:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/?p=6742"},"modified":"2026-07-07T20:39:14","modified_gmt":"2026-07-07T20:39:14","slug":"whither-an-international-response-to-chinas-ethnic-unity-law","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/markscogan.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/07\/whither-an-international-response-to-chinas-ethnic-unity-law\/","title":{"rendered":"Whither an International Response to China\u2019s Ethnic Unity Law?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
The flag of China flies above the gold-colored Dharma wheel at the Ganden Sumtsenling Monastery in Shangri-La, China<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

A<\/strong><\/mark> draconian new law in China took effect on July 1, after passing the National People\u2019s Congress back in March. The \u201cLaw on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress<\/a>\u201d is the end result of a long shift in governance of China\u2019s minority groups, 55 in total. Far from the post-1949 model of ethnic autonomy, as this new legal framework attempts to \u201cforge\u201d (zhulao)\u00a0<\/em>the country\u2019s many distinct peoples into a collective national identity. Southeast Asia has seen this before, evidenced in Thailand\u2019s vague\u00a0Thainess policy<\/a>\u00a0(khwam pen thai<\/em>), a fascist effort under military strongman Phibun Songkhram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beijing\u2019s new law forces schools, families, religious organizations and bodies, the media, and its military to promote this new identity, mandating Mandarin language instruction and giving Chinese script legal priority over minority scripts in public signage. Further, it criminalizes parental instruction<\/a> deemed harmful to unity and extends legal accountability to organizations and individuals outside China\u2019s borders, a further extension of China\u2019s transnational repression efforts<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
As seen in The Diplomat<\/a><\/strong>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

China\u2019s ethnic policy shift can be traced to unrest in Tibet in 2008<\/a> and Xinjiang in 2009<\/a>, which provided the CCP the domestic legitimacy to unpack a security narrative<\/a>, even as there is credible and overwhelming evidence that those incidents can be traced to Han in-migration<\/a> and forgotten promises of autonomy. Even for Chinese President Xi Jinping, this new law is a giant leap in control over ethnic identities. After taking power in 2012, he first embraced smaller regional steps, seen in provincial regulations in Xinjiang, Tibet, and Inner Mongolia<\/a> before rolling out the nationwide campaign. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This law represents a new form of fascism for China, complete with a preamble<\/a> that describes a \u201ccommunity of common destiny bound by intertwined bloodlines, common beliefs, cultural similarities, economic interdependence, and close emotional ties.\u201d It is common for fascist states to prioritize ideological supremacy and an identity forged around forced assimilation rather than a recognition of ethnic diversity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The question now is who might challenge it. It\u2019s very unlikely anyone within China will be able to effectively resist. The CCP has effectively neutralized the prospect of domestic challenges to even its most draconian policies. The new law was preceded by lengthy crackdowns against Uyghurs, Tibetans, and even Mongolians<\/a>, who have never posed a security threat to the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Could the international community step up instead? The short answer is no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, China\u2019s vast economic size gives it influence over the same governments that are likely to want to pressure Beijing over the \u201cethnic unity\u201d law. China has a long institutional memory, and knows it can retaliate<\/a> against companies that distance themselves from Xinjiang supply chains, evidenced by its targeted boycott of fast-fashion giant H&M in 2021<\/a>. Further, China uses its own legal tools to punish international compliance with sanctions regimes. For instance, when the European Union sanctioned Chinese officials over Xinjiang in 2021, Beijing targeted ten EU citizens<\/a>, which included parliamentarians, scholars, and the Mercator Institute for China Studies (MERICS), based in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

International bodies like the United Nations have also been terrible at putting pressure on China on its ethnic policy. Even though experts have warned consistently that China\u2019s law conflicts with many human rights instruments<\/a> that it has already ratified, member states have been passive in their objections. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

China\u2019s power within the U.N. has grown considerably and has yielded results. When another draconian law, the National Security Law for Hong Kong <\/a>(NSL), was approved in 2020, a large number of U.N. member states publicly supported it<\/a>, despite the international outcry. To blunt criticism, the NSL specifically targeted foreign criticism and tools of statecraft in Part 4<\/a>, where foreigners who advocate for independence or call for sanctions on China could be prosecuted upon entering Hong Kong or mainland China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, the people and the institutions that are required to both document the law\u2019s implementation and then build a proper response have been compromised or are within Beijing\u2019s reach. China already targets MERICS back in 2021. The new ethnic law\u2019s extraterritorial provisions, under its Article 63<\/a>, provide a structural incentive for people who work in areas that could put pressure on China to keep quiet. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

None of this means that there will be no public outcry. Surely there will be. But the most depressing news is that the conventional tools previously used to penalize China for its rights abuses \u2013 sanctions, public pressure, condemnation, institutional mechanisms, and more \u2013 have all been blunted. Beijing has adapted to predictable international responses and has developed mechanisms of its own to thwart them. For the international human rights community, that means coming up with a new set of tools. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A draconian new law in China took effect on July 1, after passing the National People\u2019s Congress back in March. The \u201cLaw on Promoting Ethnic Unity and Progress\u201d is the end result of a long shift in governance of China\u2019s minority groups, 55 in total. Far from the post-1949 model of ethnic autonomy, as this new legal framework attempts to \u201cforge\u201d (zhulao)\u00a0the country\u2019s many distinct peoples into a collective national identity. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6744,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[88,100,537],"tags":[30,364,39,581,576,582,71,578,580,579,253,363],"class_list":["post-6742","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-china","category-east-asia","category-tibet","tag-authoritarian","tag-ccp","tag-china","tag-crackdown","tag-ethnic-unity-law","tag-forced-assimilation","tag-human-rights","tag-mandarin","tag-national-identity","tag-national-peoples-congress","tag-uyghurs","tag-xi-jinping"],"yoast_head":"\nWhither an International Response to China\u2019s Ethnic Unity Law? – Mark S. 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